Lecture 6
Assignment 4 (due 11/4 6:29 PM on CMS)
Conditional Rendering
Sometimes we only want things to render when a certain condition is met. For example, only display text when we meet a certain condition. React has conditional rendering to make this very simple.
import React from 'react';
export default ({ prelimToday }: { readonly prelimToday: boolean }) => {
if (prelimToday) {
return <p>I have a prelim today.</p>;
} else {
return <p>I don't have a prelim today.</p>;
}
};
In this example, we have a functional component PrelimTime that takes in a
prop prelimToday. prelimToday is a boolean holding whether we have a prelim
today or not. We want the component to display "I have a prelim today." if
prelimToday is true and "I don't have a prelim today." if it is false.
Traditionally, we would use the if statement for this behavior (as shown
above). We can also use conditional rendering to make writing this functionality
more convenient.
First we can use the ternary operator:
import React from 'react';
export default ({ prelimToday }: { readonly prelimToday: boolean }) => (
prelimToday
? <p>I have a prelim today.</p>
: <p>I don't have a prelim today.</p>;
);
The ternary operator is also very common in other languages as well such as Java or Python. The basic syntax is as follows:
[boolean expression] ? [true_result] : [false_result]
Before the ? you have your expression producing true or false. The part
after the ? but before the : is the result/functionality you want if the
boolean expression evaluates to true. The part after the : is what you want
to happen if the expression is false.
Connecting with the PrelimTime example, my boolean expression was just the
prop prelimToday, although in your code it can be a more complex boolean
expression. If prelimToday is true, I display "I have a prelim today." If
prelimToday is false, I display "I have a prelim today."
Notice though, how the only thing changing in this text is adding the word
"don't" if prelimToday is false. So only if prelimToday is false, we
want to add don't.
React supports the use of && operator:
import React from 'react';
export default ({ prelimToday }: { readonly prelimToday: boolean }) => (
<p>I {!prelimToday && "don't"} have a prelim today.</p>
);
Here, we display the text "I have a prelim today.". However, in the curly
braces, if prelimToday is false then the word "don't" will be rendered.
Conditional rendering with && is useful when you only have expected behavior
for one branch of the conditional. In this case, I only had desired behavior if
prelimToday was false.
As you have seen, React's conditional rendering made modifying render behavior based on conditions a lot easier. In this small example, we went from five lines of code in the component to just one!
Composition vs. Inheritance
Composition and inheritance are two programming techniques for defining how classes relate to objects. (Think of classes as the blueprint for a house and objects the actual houses created from that blueprint)
Composition
Composition defines a class as the sum of its individual parts. This is a "has-a" relationship (e.g. a car has a steering wheel, has a window, etc). In Java (and other object oriented languages), these components are represented as instance variables.
Inheritance
Inheritance derives one class from another. If class A is the parent of class B and C, B and C inherit the properties/functions of A. This is a "is-a" relationship (e.g. car is a vehicle, circle is a shape.)
React uses Composition
“React has a powerful composition model, and we recommend using composition instead of inheritance to reuse code between components.” -- React Docs
Containment
Components may not know their children ahead of time.
Children are the components you put within another component:
<ComponentA>{/* anything here is a child of Component A */}</ComponentA>
Use the children prop to pass in children components.
import React, { ReactNode } from 'react';
type Props = { readonly children: ReactNode };
const Container = (props: Props) => (
<div className="Border">{props.children}</div>
);
const App = () => (
<div className="App">
<Container>
<p>Hello!</p>
<p>Bye!</p>
</Container>
</div>
);
props.children will have the paragraph elements.
We didn't actually get to this live demo, adapted from this tutorial in the React docs, during lecture but it is very simple if you want to try it out yourself. We also show how to import styles.
import React, { ReactNode } from 'react';
import './Container.css'; // this is how we import styles
type Props = { readonly children: ReactNode };
export default (props: Props) => <div className="Border">{props.children}</div>;
.Border {
border: 4px solid black;
background-color: azure;
}
Less common but you also may want multiple "holes" in your component (for example, a left and right child):
import React, { ReactNode } from 'react';
import './SplitPane.css';
type Props = { readonly left: ReactNode; readonly right: ReactNode };
export default (props: Props) => (
<div>
<div className="LeftPane">{props.left}</div>
<div className="RightPane">{props.right}</div>
</div>
);
/* these colors are ugly I know */
.LeftPane {
float: left;
width: 50%;
background-color: red;
}
.RightPane {
float: right;
width: 50%;
background-color: aquamarine;
}
import React from 'react';
import SplitPane from './SplitPane';
import Container from './Container';
export default () => {
return (
<div className="App">
<Container>
<p>Hello, world!</p>
</Container>
<SplitPane
left={<div>I'm on the left!</div>}
right={<div>I'm on the right!</div>}
/>
</div>
);
};
Lifting State Up
This section was a live demo, adapted from this tutorial in the React docs.
import { useState } from 'react';
import TemperatureInput from './TemperatureInput';
type Scale = 'celsius' | 'fahrenheit';
const Calculator = () => {
const [temperature, setTemperature] = useState('');
const [scale, setScale] = useState<Scale>('celsius');
const onCelsiusChange = (t: string) => {
setTemperature(t);
setScale('celsius');
};
const onFahrenheitChange = (t: string) => {
setTemperature(t);
setScale('fahrenheit');
};
const fahrenheitToCelsius = (t: number) => {
return ((t - 32) * 5) / 9;
};
const celsiusToFahrenheit = (t: number) => {
return (t * 9) / 5 + 32;
};
const tryConvert = (targetScale: Scale) => {
const temp = parseFloat(temperature);
if (Number.isNaN(temp)) {
return '';
}
const res = getAppropriateTemperature(temp, targetScale);
const trimmed = Math.round(res * 1000) / 1000;
return trimmed.toString();
};
const getAppropriateTemperature = (tempNum: number, targetScale: Scale) => {
if (targetScale === scale) {
return tempNum;
} else {
if (targetScale === 'celsius') {
return fahrenheitToCelsius(tempNum);
} else {
return celsiusToFahrenheit(tempNum);
}
}
};
return (
<div>
<TemperatureInput
scale="celsius"
temperature={tryConvert('celsius')}
onTemperatureChange={onCelsiusChange}
/>
<TemperatureInput
scale="fahrenheit"
temperature={tryConvert('fahrenheit')}
onTemperatureChange={onFahrenheitChange}
/>
</div>
);
};
export type { Scale };
export default Calculator;
import { Scale } from './Calculator';
type Props = {
readonly scale: Scale;
readonly temperature: string;
readonly onTemperatureChange: (t: string) => void;
};
const TemperatureInput = ({
scale,
temperature,
onTemperatureChange,
}: Props) => {
return (
<div>
<legend>Enter temperature in {scale}</legend>
<input
value={temperature}
onChange={(event) => onTemperatureChange(event.target.value)}
/>
</div>
);
};
export default TemperatureInput;